Estudo comparativo das emissões otoacústicas evocadas em trabalhadores marítimos Offshore e Onshore / Comparative Study of Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions in Offshore and Onshore Seafaring Workers

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a função coclear de trabalhadores marítimos Offshore e Onshore de uma empresa naval da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e estimar a magnitude de associação entre a exposição ocupacional ao ruído e/ou substâncias químicas e alterações na função coclear. Método Neste estudo, foram avaliados trabalhadores marítimos entre 20-49 anos, de ambos os gêneros, sem queixas auditivas, distribuídos em dois grupos: o Grupo Offshore, que operam em alto mar com exposição ocupacional; e o Grupo Onshore, que operam em escritórios sem exposição ocupacional. Para avaliação da função coclear, foram realizados os exames de emissões otoacústicas evocadas por estímulo transiente (EOAT) e por produto de distorção (EOAPD). Resultados As respostas das EOAT e EOAPD foram, em média, menores no Grupo Offshore, para todas as frequências analisadas. A proporção de falhas observadas também foi maior no grupo de exposição (Offshore), tanto no critério geral quanto por frequência específica, principalmente para as frequências mais agudas de cada teste, 4 kHz para EOAT e 6 kHz para EOAPD. Conclusão Os resultados sugerem que a exposição a ruído e/ou a substâncias químicas pode contribuir significativamente para alterações da função coclear de trabalhadores marítimos, mesmo antes de manifestarem queixas auditivas.

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the cochlear function of offshore and onshore seafaring workers of a naval company in the city of Rio de Janeiro and to estimate the degree of association between occupational exposure to noise and/or chemical substances and alteration in cochlear function. Methods This study evaluated seafaring workers aged 20 to 49, of both genders, without auditory symptoms, divided into two groups: the Offshore Group, operating in the high seas with occupational exposure; and the Onshore Group, operating in offices without occupational exposure. Exams were performed to evaluate cochlear function, including transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE) and distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE). Results The TEOAE and DPOAE responses were on average lower in the Offshore Group, for all frequencies analyzed. The proportion of failures observed was also higher in the exposure group (Offshore), for general response and specific frequency, mainly for the frequencies of 4 kHz for TEOAE and 6 kHz for DPOAE. Conclusion The results suggest that exposure to noise and/or chemical substances can contribute to alterations in cochlear function in seafarers even without manifesting auditory symptoms.

Review of studies on Bulbine natalensis Baker (Asphodelaceae): Ethnobotanical uses, biological and chemical properties

Bulbine natalensis Baker is a native succulent herb that belongs to the family Asphodelaceae, and is regarded asprecious, highly valued, and extensively used throughout the continent for medicinal purposes and in treating maleimpotency due to the aphrodisiac and invigorating effect. This study reviews the status of B. natalensis ethnobotanicaluses, biological and chemical properties. This review was conducted from April 2019 to February 2020 by applyingthe mixed-method review approach, and in the framework of a complete description of B. natalensis species, dataon morphology, distribution, and economic importance were discussed. Pharmacological screening reported thatB. natalensis possesses anti-inflammatory and broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. The bulbous plant vapourcontains substances such as tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and alkaloids. Scientific evaluationsfrom various researchers have substantiated the use of B. natalensis in the enhancement of male sexual disorders, cureof wounds, rashes, itches, ringworm, diabetes, rheumatism, cracked lips and herpes, diarrhea, and paroxysms amongother diseases.

Factors associated with self-reported exposure to chemical substances at work in Brazil: results from the National Health Survey, 2013 / Exposição a agentes químicos no trabalho no Brasil: resultados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of self-reported exposure to chemical substances at work and its associated factors in a sample of Brazilian adults that participated in the National Health Survey, conducted between 2013 and 2014. METHODS Our sample consisted of adults aged 18 years or older that answered question E1 of module E: "In the week of July 21-27, 2013 (reference week), did you work as regular employee or intern for at least an hour in any activity paid with cash?" Sociodemographic data, situation and health behaviors were analyzed with single and multivariate binary logistic regression. The model was adjusted by the variables of all groups, adopting a 5% significance level. The values of odds ratio (OR) and respective confidence intervals were obtained. RESULTS Women (OR = 0.74; 95%CI 0.66-0.82) had a lower chance of exposure to chemicals. The highest chances were observed in groups with no instruction or that attended up to middle-school (OR = 1.77; 95%CI 1.50-2.08), high school (OR = 1.62; 95%CI 1.37-1.91), age between 25 and 54 years (OR = 1.26; 95%CI 1.07-1.48), current smokers (OR = 1.21; 95%CI 1.07-1.37), who reported tiredness (OR = 1.35; 95%CI 1.21-1.50), hearing difficulties (OR = 1.24; 95%CI 1.04-1.48) and who reported having suffered an accident at work (OR = 2.00; 95%CI 1.57-2.54). CONCLUSIONS The unprecedented results cover the entire workforce. Positive associations with hearing loss, smoking and history of work accidents are consistent, as well as the inverse association with education level and gender differences. The absence of association with asthma was surprising. To fill gaps in investigations on chronic non-communicable diseases, we suggested improving the PNS collection instrument in the occupational dimension.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os fatores associados e a prevalência de exposição autorrelatada a substâncias químicas no trabalho em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros que participaram da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizada entre 2013 e 2014. MÉTODOS A amostra para análise da exposição foi constituída por trabalhadores com 18 anos ou mais de idade que responderam à questão E1 do módulo E: "Na semana de 21 a 27 de julho de 2013 (semana de referência), você trabalhou ou estagiou, durante pelo menos uma hora, em alguma atividade remunerada em dinheiro?" Os dados sociodemográficos, situação e comportamentos de saúde foram analisados com regressão logística binária uni e multivariada. O modelo foi ajustado pelas variáveis de todos os blocos, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Obtiveram-se os valores de odds ratio (OR) e respectivos intervalos de confiança. RESULTADOS Mulheres (OR = 0,74; IC95% 0,66-0,82) tiveram menor chance de exposição a substâncias químicas. As maiores chances foram observadas nos grupos com nível fundamental de instrução ou sem instrução (OR = 1,77; IC95% 1,50-2,08), nível médio de instrução (OR = 1,62; IC95% 1,37-1,91), idade entre 25 e 54 anos (OR = 1,26; IC95% 1,07-1,48), fumantes atuais (OR = 1,21; IC95% 1,07-1,37), com problemas de cansaço (OR = 1,35; IC95% 1,21-1,50), com dificuldade auditiva (OR = 1,24; IC95% 1,04-1,48) e que relataram ter sofrido acidente de trabalho (OR = 2,00; IC95% 1,57-2,54). CONCLUSÕES Os resultados inéditos abrangem o conjunto da força de trabalho. Associações positivas com cansaço, dificuldade auditiva, acidentes de trabalho e tabagismo, assim como a associação inversa com o nível de escolaridade, além das diferenças de gênero, são consistentes. A ausência de associação com asma foi surpreendente. A fim de preencher lacunas nas investigações sobre doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em adultos, sugere-se aperfeiçoar o instrumento da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde na dimensão ocupacional.

Nutritional, Spectral and Thermal Characteristic of Lamiaceae Seeds

Aims: Species of the family Lamiaceae possess a rich tradition of use for flavoring and medicinal purposes. This paper focusses on the nutritional and thermal characteristics of the seeds from eight species belonging to this family: Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm., Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit., Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br., Ocimum americanum L., Ocimum sanctum L. (Rama Tulsi), Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Krishna Tulsi), Origanum vulgare L. and Tectona grandis L.f. Methodology: The oil, starch, total polyphenol, flavonoid and mineral contents for aforementioned seeds were determined. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to assess the phytoconstituents. Thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetric analyses (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed to analyze the decomposition patterns. Results: The concentrations of oil, starch, total polyphenol, flavonoids and minerals for the seeds from the eight plants under study ranged from 11.8 to 50.4%, from 0.22 to 1.84%, from 295 to 5842 mg/kg, from 1660 to 12680 mg/kg and from 11756 to 33927 mg/kg, respectively. Unsaturated oils, polyphenols and lignin were recognized by vibrational spectroscopy. The sequence of thermal effects in the seed pyrolysis process above 100°C have been put in relation to seed protein crystallization (endotherm at 200°C), oxidation reactions and degradation of hemicellulose and other fiber components (at around 300°C), and decomposition of polyunsaturated (at 357°C) and mono-unsaturated (at 391°C) triglycerides. Conclusion: Lamiaceae seeds are potential food alternatives to cereals.

Occupational exposure and poisoning by chemical products in the Federal District / Exposición e intoxicación ocupacional a productos químicos en el Distrito Federal / Exposição e intoxicação ocupacional a produtos químicos no Distrito Federal

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe case of occupational exposure to chemical products. Method: descriptive retrospective study using record data of 382 workers assisted in the Outpatient Care for Occupational Toxicology of the Reference Center of Workers' Health of the Federal District, between 2009 and 2013. Results: From the total, 66.7% were men, 55.2% had up to 9 years of activity and 81% did not use personal protective equipment (PPE). Nearly 60% were farmers and environmental surveillance agents, exposed to pesticides (63%), of which 40% were organophosphorus insecticides. The majority (68%) presented butyrylcholinesterase activity decreased, mostly farmers (85.9%); 57.3% of workers were considered poisoned - 61.6% by pesticides and 37.9% by industrial chemicals -, and away from work for at least 10 days. Conclusion: The profile was male workers, from 30 to 39 years, which not used PPE, indicating the need for prevention together with them to prevent poisonings.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir casos de exposición ocupacional a productos químicos. Método: estudio retrospectivo descriptivo utilizando datos del prontuario de 382 trabajadores atendidos en el Ambulatorio de Toxicología Ocupacional del Centro de Referencia en Salud del Trabajador del Distrito Federal entre 2009 y 2013. Resultados: El 66,7% eran hombres, el 55,2% tenía hasta 9 años de actividad y el 81% no usaba el equipo de protección individual (EPI). Casi el 60% eran agricultores y agentes de vigilancia ambiental, expuestos a agrotóxicos (63%), de los cuales 40% insecticidas organofosforados. La mayoría (68%) presentó actividad de butirilcolinesterasa disminuida, principalmente agricultores (85,9%); el 57,3% de los trabajadores fueron considerados intoxicados, 61,6% por agrotóxicos y 37,9% por productos químicos industriales, y alejados del trabajo por lo menos 10 días. Conclusión: El perfil de los trabajadores atendidos fue de hombres, predominantemente de 30 a 39 años, que no utilizaban el EPI, indicando la necesidad de acciones de prevención junto a esa población para evitar la ocurrencia de intoxicaciones.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever casos de exposição ocupacional a produtos químicos. Método: estudo retrospectivo descritivo utilizando dados do prontuário de 382 trabalhadores atendidos no Ambulatório de Toxicologia Ocupacional do Centro de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador do Distrito Federal, entre 2009 e 2013. Resultados: 66,7% eram homens, 55,2% tinham até 9 anos de atividade e 81% não usavam equipamento de proteção individual (EPI). Quase 60% eram agricultores e agentes de vigilância ambiental, expostos a agrotóxicos (63%), dos quais 40% inseticidas organofosforados. A maioria (68%) apresentou atividade de butirilcolinesterase diminuída, principalmente agricultores (85,9%); 57,3% dos trabalhadores foram considerados intoxicados, 61,6% por agrotóxicos e 37,9% por produtos químicos industriais, e afastados do trabalho por pelo menos 10 dias. Conclusão: O perfil dos trabalhadores atendidos foi de homens, predominantemente de 30 a 39 anos, que não utilizavam EPI, indicando a necessidade de ações de prevenção junto a essa população para evitar a ocorrência de intoxicações.

Protein, lipid and isoflavone contents of food-type soybean lines at two sowing dates / Teores de proteína, óleo e isoflavonas de linhagens de soja tipo alimento em duas épocas de semeadura

Few works have reported the relationship among genotype, temperature, rainfall and the chemical compounds of soybean. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the interaction effect between soybean food-type inbred lines sowed in two different dates and the contents of protein, oil and isoflavones. Eight lines with null lipoxygenase seeds classified as food-type soybean were sowed in October 7 (early sowing) and October 29 (late sowing) at 2013/2014 crop year. The oil, protein and isoflavones contents were determined and the data were analyzed by variance analysis (ANOVA), principal component analysis (PCA) and UPGMA hierarchical. The genetic variability, sowing date and interactions between inbred lines and sowing date showed differences for all characteristics, except for oil content that did not showed a significant effect to the interaction. The greater participation of complex interaction was attributed to protein content with 87.82 %. According to PCA and UPGMA results, the food-type soybean lines were separated into three groups and were consistent in both sowing dates. The UEL 131 and UEL 153 lines showed the highest isoflavones content for the two sowing dates, indicating these genotypes as promising for breeding programs.

Poucos trabalhos relataram a relação entre genótipo, temperatura, precipitação e os compostos químicos de grãos de soja. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da interação entre linhagens de soja tipo alimento semeadas em duas épocas nos teores de proteína, óleo e isoflavonas nos grãos. Oito linhagens de soja ausentes das enzimas lipoxigenases e classificadas como tipo alimento foram semeadas em 7 de outubro (semeadura precoce) e 29 de outubro (semeadura tardia) no ano agrícola 2013/2014. Os conteúdos de óleo, proteína e isoflavonas foram determinados e os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância (ANAVA), análise de componentes principais (PCA) e UPGMA hierárquica. A variabilidade genética, a época de semeadura e as interações entre linhagens e a época de semeadura mostraram diferenças para todas as características, com exceção do teor de óleo que não apresentou efeito significativo na interação. A maior participação da interação complexa foi atribuída ao teor de proteína com 87,82%. De acordo com os resultados da PCA e UPGMA, as linhagens de soja tipo alimento foram separadas em três grupos que se mantiveram com a mudança da época de semeadura. As linhagens UEL 131 e UEL 153 mostraram o maior teor de isoflavonas em ambas as épocas de semeadura, indicando que esses genótipos são promissores para programas de melhoramento.

Intoxicação exógena: casos no estado de Santa Catarina no período de 2011 a 2015 / Exotic intoxication: cases in the state of Santa Catarina in the period 2011 to 2015

Introdução: Intoxicação exógena aguda ocorre quando há percepção de sinais e sintomas clínicos e/ou investigações laboratoriais alteradas devido à interação como alguma substância química. A conduta sobre o indivíduo atendido na emergência intoxicado é diferenciada, o tratamento depende da história clínica detalhada para manejar corretamente as intoxicações. Portanto, é fundamental a notificação dos casos à vigilância epidemiológica para a prática e ações de prevenção da saúde pública. O objetivo geral do estudo é analisar o perfil dos indivíduos com intoxicação exógena no Estado de Santa Catarina no período de 2011 a 2015 através do banco de dados do SINAN. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico. A população estudada é composta por dados de todas as pessoas notificadas no Sistema Nacional de Agravos e Notificações (SINAN) do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), através da ferramenta TABNET no período em estudo. O estudo foi desenvolvido no estado de Santa Catarina, através das macrorregiões do estado. Resultados: Foram notificados 17.562 casos de intoxicação exógena nas diversas faixas etárias, destes, o maior número ocorreu entre 20 a 39 anos com 7.962 casos. Identificou-se predomínio para o sexo feminino com 10.445 casos e raça branca com 15.360 casos. O agente que mais se destacou foram os medicamentos com 9.378 casos. A tentativa de suicídio destacou-se sobre as circunstâncias estudadas e a análise dos dados não evidenciou relação da intoxicação exógena com a exposição ao trabalho. O critério clínico foi o mais relevante com 12.656 casos e a evolução que a mais se acentuou foi a cura sem sequelas com 15.027 casos. A macrorregião com maior número de casos notificados é o Sul Catarinense com 3.712 casos. Conclusão: Caracterizou-se o perfil de intoxicação exógena no estado de Santa Catarina no período de 2011 a 2015 com predomínio de adultos jovens, sexo feminino, etnia branca, agente medicamentoso, meio de tentativa de suicídio, não apresentou relação com a exposição de trabalho, o tipo de exposição é aguda e de forma única, o diagnóstico foi feito por critério clínico, evolução de tratamento por cura sem sequela e tem como destaque o Sul do Estado de Santa Catarina.

Introduction: Acute exogenous intoxication occurs when there is perception of clinical signs and symptoms and / or laboratory investigations altered due to interaction with some chemical substance. The conduct on the individual attended in the intoxicated emergency is differentiated, the treatment depends on the detailed clinical history to correctly handle the intoxications. Therefore, it is fundamental the underreporting of cases to epidemiological surveillance in order to practice in the prevention of public health. The general objective of the study is to analyze the profile of individuals with exogenous intoxication in the State of Santa Catarina from 2011 to 2015 through the matching of the SINAN database. Methods: This is an ecological study. The population studied is composed of data from all the people notified in the National System of Aggravations and Notifications (SINAN) of the Unified Health System (SUS), through the TABNET tool. The study was developed in the state of Santa Catarina, through the macroregions of the state. Results: A total of 17,562 cases of exogenous intoxication were reported, ranging from ˂1 year old to ˃ 70 years old, who presented the highest number between 20 and 39 years old with 7,962 cases. It was identified a predominance for the female sex with 10,445 cases and white race with 15,360 cases. The most prominent agent was those with 9,378 cases. The suicide attempt was highlighted on the circumstances studied and data analysis did not show a relation of exogenous intoxication with exposure to work. The clinical criterion was the most relevant with 12,656 cases, and the most marked progress was cure without sequelae with 15,027 cases. The macroregion with the highest number of reported cases is South Catarinense with 3,712 cases. Conclusion: The profile of exogenous intoxication in the state of Santa Catarina was characterized in the period from 2011 to 2015, with a predominance of young adults, female, white ethnicity, drug agent, means of attempting suicide, and did not present a relation with the work exposition , The type of exposure is acute and in a unique way, the diagnosis was made by clinical criterion, evolution of treatment by cure without sequela and has as a highlight the South of the State of Santa Catarina.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of basil hybrids and cultivars / Caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de híbridos e cultivares de manjericão

This study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic and genotypic performance of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) hybrids and cultivars, grown in four crop years, in the municipality of São Cristóvão, state of Sergipe. The following variables were evaluated: dry weight of aerial part; essential oil content and yield; and the contents of linalool, 1,8-cineol, neral, geranial, and methyl cinnamate. Five hybrids ('Sweet Dani' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Cinnamon' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani' x 'Cinnamon', and 'Sweet Dani' x 'Genovese') and four parent cultivars ('Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani', 'Genovese', and 'Cinnamon') of basil were evaluated. The essential oils were obtained from dried leaves by hydrodistillation. The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC/MS-FID. Means were clustered, and the genetic and phenotypic parameters were estimated. Linalool was the main compound of most genotypes. Hybrids 'Cinnamon' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani' x 'Cinnamon', and 'Sweet Dani' x 'Maria Bonita' had methyl cinnamate (41.93 %), methyl cinnamate (60.15 %), geranial (15.20 %), and neral (11.46 %), respectively, as major compounds. The sources of variation were significant at the 1 % probability level, according to the F tests for all variables, confirming the differences in the performance of genotypes in the different years. Most of the variation among the studied variables resulted from the genetic variation.

Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a performance fenotípica e genotípica de híbridos e cultivares de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.), cultivados em quatro anos agrícolas no município de São Cristóvão, Estado de Sergipe. Foram avaliados os caracteres: massa seca de parte aérea; teor de óleo essencial; rendimento de óleo essencial; linalol; 1,8-cineol; neral; geranial e (E)-cinamato de metila para cinco híbridos de manjericão ('Sweet Dani' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Genovese' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Cinnamon' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani' x 'Cinnamon' and 'Sweet Dani' x 'Genovese') e quatro cultivares ('Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani', 'Genovese' e 'Cinnamon'). Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos de folhas secas por hidrodestilação. A composição química dos óleos essenciais foi determinada por CG/EM-DIC. Foi realizado o agrupamento das médias e foram estimados parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos. Linalol foi o composto majoritário do óleo essencial da maioria dos genótipos. Os híbridos 'Cinnamon' x 'Maria Bonita', 'Sweet Dani' x 'Cinnamon' e 'Sweet Dani' x 'Maria Bonita' apresentaram também outros compostos majoritários, (E)-cinamato de metila (41,93 %); (E)-cinamato de metila (60,15 %); geranial (15,20 %) e neral (11,46 %); respectivamente. As fontes de variação foram significativas no nível de probabilidade de 1% de acordo com os testes F para todas as variáveis, o que confirma as diferenças do desempenho dos genótipos nos diferentes anos. A maior parte da variação encontrada para os caracteres estudados é determinada pela variação genética dos genótipos.

Chemical diversity of essential oils from Hyptis pectinata (L. ) Poit / Diversidade química de óleos essenciais de Hyptis pectinata (L. ) Poit

The essential oils are secondary metabolites formed by several chemical compounds that confer to these substances great social and economic importance. This diversity of compounds is generally determined by the genetic constitution of the plant, although environmental factors may also influence the type, amount, and concentrations of the compounds present in the essential oil. The aim of this work was to analyze the chemical diversity of the essential oils of native Hyptis pectinata plants collected in the state of Sergipe. The essential oils of 24 plants were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS/FID, revealing 30 compounds. Two clusters were formed by the cluster analysis. Cluster I consisted of 18 plants, and presented -elemene (2.46-25.77%), -caryophyllene (16.20-60.95%), germacrene D (0.00-21.59%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.38-42.21%) as major compounds. Cluster II consisted of six plants, and presented -caryophyllene (5.68-15.57%), (Z)--guaiene (2.18-7.31%), caryophyllene oxide (1.58-22.89%), and calamusenone (23.12-64.36%) as major compounds. Strong correlation was observed between pcymene and -terpinene (r=0.94), and between (E)--guaiene and lepidozene (r=0.95). Results of the present study indicate variation in the essential oil content, and show that the compounds -elemene, -caryophyllene, germacrene D, (Z)--guaiene, caryophyllene oxide and calamusenone were detected in greater proportions in native plants of H. pectinata of the state of Sergipe. The knowledge of the chemical diversity found in H. pectinata plants can assist in the selection of plants of specific interest.

Os óleos essenciais são metabólitos secundários formados por diversos compostos químicos que atrelam a estas substâncias grande importância social e econômica. Essa diversidade de compostos geralmente é determinada pela constituição genética da planta, embora fatores ambientais também possam influenciar quanto ao tipo, quantidade e concentrações dos compostos presentes no óleo essencial. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a diversidade química dos óleos essenciais de plantas nativas de H. pectinata coletadas no Estado de Sergipe. O óleo essencial de 24 plantas foi obtido por hidrodestilação e analisados por GC/MS-FID. Foram detectados 30 compostos no óleo essencial. Pela análise de agrupamento, foi observada a formação de dois grupos. Grupo 1 foi constituído por 18 plantas, e apresentou o -elemeno (2,46-25,77%), -cariofileno (16,20-60,95%), germacreno-D (0,00-21,59%) e óxido de cariofileno (5,38-42,21%) como compostos majoritários. Grupo 2 foi constituído por 6 plantas com -cariofileno (5,68-15,57%), Z-- guaieno (2,18-7,31%), óxido de cariofileno (1,58-22,89%) e calamusenona (23,12-64,36%) como compostos majoritários. Uma forte correlação foi observada entre os compostos p-cimeno e -terpineno (r=0,94) e entre (E)--guaieno e lepidozeno (r=0,95). Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que existe variação no teor do óleo essencial, e que os compostos - elemeno, -cariofileno, germacreno-D, (Z)--guaieno, óxido de cariofileno e calamusenona, foram detectados em maiores proporções nas plantas nativas de H. pectinata do Estado de Sergipe. O conhecimento da diversidade química encontrada nas plantas de H. pectinata pode auxiliar na seleção de plantas de interesse específico.

Content and chemical composition of the essential oil of Myrcia lundiana Kiaersk In different drying times / Teor e composição química do óleo essencial de Myrcia lundiana Kiaersk em diferentes tempos de secagem

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the leaves drying time on the content and chemical composition of the essential oil of M. lundiana. Treatments consisted of drying times of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 days, at 40o C, in a forced-air-circulation oven. Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation using the Clevenger apparatus, and chemical composition analysis was performed by GC-MS/FID. The drying process of M. lundiana leaves did not cause significant variations in the oil content, ranging from 1.18 to 1.51%. Nerolic acid was the major compound, ranging from 27.8% (at six days of drying) to 35.64% (at ten days of drying). The compound 1,8-cineole was identified as the second major compound of the essential oil, ranging from 9.04% to 14.01%. Other major compounds found in the essential oils were -terpineol (7.12-8.41%), -pinene (5.08- 9.03%), Z--trans-bergamotol (5.40-7.57%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.12-7.11%). One day of leaves drying at 40°C was sufficient to reach the recommended foliar moisture level without significantly altering the content and chemical composition of the essential oil of M. lundiana or the contents of the major compounds of the essential oil.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tempo de secagem das folhas no teor e na composição química do óleo essencial de M. lundiana. Testaram-se os tempos 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 e 10 dias de secagem das folhas a 40o C em estufa com circulação forçada de ar. Os óleos essenciais foram obtidos por hidrodestilação, utilizando o aparelho Clevenger, e a análise da composição química foi realizada através de CG-MS/FID. A secagem das folhas de M. lundiana não provocou variações significativas no teor de óleo, variando de 1,18 a 1,51%. O ácido nerólico foi o composto majoritário, variando de 27,8% no sexto dia de secagem a 35,64% no décimo dia de secagem. O composto 1,8-cineol foi identificado como o segundo componente principal do óleo, variando de 9,04% a 14,01%. Outros componentes observados no óleo essencial foram -terpineol (7,12-8,41%), -pineno (5,08-9,03%), Z--trans-bergamotol (5,40-7,57%) e óxido de cariofileno (4,12-7,11%). Um dia de secagem das folhas a 40 oC foi o suficiente para atingir o nível de umidade foliar recomendado, não alterando significativamente o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial de M. lundiana e nem os teores dos componentes majoritários do óleo essencial.

Distillation methods affect the chemical composition of Varronia curassavica Jacq. essential oil? / Métodos de destilação afetam a composição química do óleo essencial de Varronia curassavica Jacq?

The objective of this work was to evaluate the chemical composition of essential oil from Varronia curassavica Jacq. obtained by microwave (MI) and hydrodistillation (HD) extraction methods. The MI method tested three powers (500, 600, and 700W), three distillation times (20, 30, and 40 min.), and three water volumes (0, 25, and 50 mL per sample). The HD method tested three distillation times (100, 120, and 140 min.) and three water volumes (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 L per 3-liter flask). The essential oils were analyzed by GC/MS-FID. The optimal condition for the essential oil extraction by the MI method was 700W for 40 min. (3.28%), regardless of the volume of water. In its turn, the best condition for essential oil extraction by the HD method was 120 min. with 1.0 L of water per flask (3.34%). The most abundant compounds for MI (700 W for 40 min. without water) were shyobunol (26.53%) and bicyclogermacrene (4.96%); and the most abundant compounds for HD (120 min. with 1.0 L of water/flask) were shyobunol (24.00%) and germacrene D-4-ol (10.23%). Methyl farnesoate (2E, 6E) and farnesyl acetate (2Z, 6E) were not detected in the essential oil extracted by HD; however, they were identified by the MI method. By increasing the distillation time and/or volume of water in HD, a reduction was observed for the content of the chemical compounds -elemene (from 1.23 to 0.97%), Ecaryophyllene (from 5.49 to 4.35%), -humulene (from 1.80 to 1.43%), alloaromadendrene (from 1.78 to 1.44%), bicyclogermacrene (from 5.63 to 4.55%), and germacrene D-4-ol (from 11.40 to 9.86%). Power, extraction time, and their interactions influenced the content of essential oil obtained by microwave extraction (MI). Within each power, the highest essential oil content was extracted at the longest distillation time (40 min.), except for 600W, where no significant difference was detected between 30 and 40 min. The optimal essential oil contents for both extraction methods were statically similar by the t-test for dependent samples. However, the MI method presents advantages, such as shorter distillation time and less energy and water consumption.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição química do óleo essencial de Varronia curassavica Jacq. obtido pelos métodos de extração micro-ondas (MI) e hidrodestilação (HD). Para MI, foram testadas três potências (500, 600 e 700W), três tempos de destilação (20, 30 e 40 min.) e três volumes de água (0, 25 e 50 mL por amostra). Para HD, foram testados três tempos de destilação (100, 120 e 140 min.) e três volumes de água (1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 L por balão de 3 litros). Os óleos essenciais foram analisados por CG/EM-FID. Maiores teores de óleo essencial foram obtidos nas condições de 700 W por 40 min. (3.28%), independente do volume de água para MI, e 120 min. com 1,0 L de água por balão para HD (3,34%). Os compostos mais abundantes para MI (700W, por 40 min., sem água) foram o shyobunol (26,53%) e biciclogermacreno (4,96%) e para HD (120 min. com 1,0 L de água /balão) foram shyobunol (24,00%) e germacreno D -4 -ol (10,23%). Metil farnesoato (2E, 6E) e farnesil acetato (2Z, 6E) não foram detectados no óleo essencial extraído por HD, porém, foram detectados nas amostras extraídas por MI. Com o aumento do tempo de destilação e/ou do volume de água em HD, houve redução no conteúdo dos constituintes químicos -elemeno (de 1,23 para 0,97%), E-cariofileno (de 5,49 para 4,35%), -humuleno (1,80 para 1,43%), aloaromadendreno (de 1,78 para 1,44%), biciclogermacreno (de 5,63 para 4,55%) e germacreno D-4-ol (de 11,40 para 9,86%). A potência, o tempo de extração e suas interações influenciaram no teor de óleo essencial obtido na extração por micro-ondas (MI). Dentro de cada potência, o maior teor de óleo essencial foi obtido no tempo mais longo de extração (40 min.), exceto para 600 W, que não apresentou diferença significativa entre 30 e 40 min. Nas condições ótimas de extração, os teores de óleo essencial obtidos foram estatisticamente semelhantes pelo teste t para amostras dependentes. No entanto, a extração por micro-ondas apresenta algumas vantagens em relação a HD, como menor tempo de destilação e menor consumo de energia e água.

Exposição ocupacional a substâncias químicas, fatores socioeconômicos e Saúde do Trabalhador: uma visão integrada / Occupational exposure to chemicals, socioeconomic factors and Occupational Health: an integrated vision

RESUMO A relação entre exposições ocupacionais, compostos químicos e doenças é conhecida há muito tempo e está no cerne do campo saúde-trabalho-ambiente. A pobreza presente na vida de numerosos trabalhadores brasileiros cria um cenário de vulnerabilidade social, gerando riscos à saúde. Este estudo tem por objetivo discutir a importância dos fatores socioeconômicos na avaliação da exposição ocupacional e a relação com o processo de saúde/doença dos trabalhadores, por meio de uma revisão exploratória da literatura. Diversos fatores estão ligados à forma como o trabalhador se relaciona com a exposição, como as condições de vida, moradia, acesso a serviços de saúde e educação, nível salarial e escolar.

ABSTRACT The relationship between occupational exposures, chemical compounds and diseases has been known for a long time and is at the heart of the health-work-environment field. The condition of poverty in the lives of many Brazilian workers creates a scenario of social vulnerability, generating risks to health. This study aims to discuss the importance of socioeconomic factors in the evaluation of occupational exposure and the relationship with workers´ health/illness process, through an exploratory review of the literature. Several factors are related to how the worker relates to exposure, such as living conditions, housing, access to health and education services, salary levels and schooling.

Antibacterial enhancement of antibiotic activity by Enterolobium contortisiliquum(Vell.)Morong

Objective: To identify the main chemical classes of compounds from aqueous extract of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (E. contortisiliquum) seed bark and to evaluate its anti-bacterial activity, as well as its potential to increase the activity of antibiotics against strains of Staphylococcus aureus,Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Methods: Different classes of compounds in the aqueous extract of E.contortisiliquum were evaluated based on the visual changes in the coloration and the formation of pre-cipitate after the addition of specific reagents.The antibacterial activity of the extract and its potential to increase of antibiotic activity of antibiotics drugs, gentamicin and nor-floxacin was determined by using the microdilution method. Results: Our results demonstrated that the following secondary metabolites were pre-sented in E. contortisiliquum seed bark: flavones, flavonols, xanthones, flavononols, chalcones, aurones,flavones and catechins. The extract itself had very low antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains tested (MIC ≥ 1 024 μg/mL), but there was an in-crease in the antibiotic activity of gentamicin and norfloxacin when combined in the sub-inhibitory concentration (i.e.,MIC/8). Conclusions: Our data suggests that E.contortisiliquum seed bark may be an alternative source for new drugs with the potential to increase antibiotic activity against different strains of bacteria.

Cocktail of chemical compounds robustly promoting cell reprogramming protects liver against acute injury

Tissue damage induces cells into reprogramming-like cellular state, which contributes to tissue regeneration. However, whether factors promoting the cell reprogramming favor tissue regeneration remains elusive. Here we identified combination of small chemical compounds including drug cocktails robustly promoting in vitro cell reprogramming. We then administrated the drug cocktails to mice with acute liver injuries induced by partial hepatectomy or toxic treatment. Our results demonstrated that the drug cocktails which promoted cell reprogramming in vitro improved liver regeneration and hepatic function in vivo after acute injuries. The underlying mechanism could be that expression of pluripotent genes activated after injury is further upregulated by drug cocktails. Thus our study offers proof-of-concept evidence that cocktail of clinical compounds improving cell reprogramming favors tissue recovery after acute damages, which is an attractive strategy for regenerative purpose.

Antibacterial enhancement of antibiotic activity by Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong

Objective To identify the main chemical classes of compounds from aqueous extract of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (E. contortisiliquum) seed bark and to evaluate its antibacterial activity, as well as its potential to increase the activity of antibiotics against strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Methods Different classes of compounds in the aqueous extract of E. contortisiliquum were evaluated based on the visual changes in the coloration and the formation of precipitate after the addition of specific reagents. The antibacterial activity of the extract and its potential to increase of antibiotic activity of antibiotics drugs, gentamicin and norfloxacin was determined by using the microdilution method. Results Our results demonstrated that the following secondary metabolites were presented in E. contortisiliquum seed bark: flavones, flavonols, xanthones, flavononols, chalcones, aurones, flavones and catechins. The extract itself had very low antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains tested (MIC ≥ 1 024 μg/mL), but there was an increase in the antibiotic activity of gentamicin and norfloxacin when combined in the sub-inhibitory concentration (i.e., MIC/8). Conclusions Our data suggests that E. contortisiliquum seed bark may be an alternative source for new drugs with the potential to increase antibiotic activity against different strains of bacteria.

Princípios ativos de enxaguatórios bucais comercializados em fortaleza, seus tipos e suas informações / Active principles of oral mouthwashes commercialized in Fortaleza, their types and their information

Enxaguatórios bucais são substâncias antimicrobianas utilizadas como coadjuvante do controle mecânico do biofilme dentário na intenção de auxiliar na prevenção das doenças periodontais e cárie dentária. Entre os princípios ativos mais utilizados na composição dos enxaguatórios bucais encontram-se a clorexidina, cloreto de cetilpiridínio, triclosan, óleos essenciais e plantas medicinais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os princípios ativos de enxaguatórios bucais comercializados em Fortaleza, comparando seus tipos e suas informações nos produtos e nos sites das principais empresas que os comercializam. Foram investigadas as composições químicas de enxaguatórios bucais nos sites dos principais fabricantes brasileiros de produtos de higiene oral (Colgate®; Oral-B®; Listerine®; Sanofi©; Sanifill®; Daudt®; Kleyhertz®; Bitufo®) na intenção de verificar os respectivos princípios ativos. Ao mesmo tempo, nas principais redes de farmácia da cidade de Fortaleza que atuam nacionalmente, a mesma investigação foi realizada diretamente no produto. Os enxaguatórios foram separados de acordo com o seu nome comercial, informações disponíveis no site, composição descrita no rótulo do produto e princípio ativo. Os resultados foram descritos de acordo com cada fabricante. Entre as 8 fábricas pesquisadas, 57 marcas comerciais de enxaguatórios bucais contendo os mais variados princípios ativos foram encontradas. O cloreto de cetilpiridínio foi o mais utilizado estando em produtos de 5 empresas. Pode-se concluir que os fabricantes nacionais de enxaguatórios bucais falham ao informar sobre os princípios ativos contidos em seus produtos, além de algumas empresas exagerarem na gama de produtos postos à venda, o que causa dificuldades ao dentista na hora de prescrever e ao paciente na hora de comprar (AU)

Mouthwashes are antimicrobial substances used as an adjunct to mechanical control of dental plaque in an attempt to help prevent periodontal disease and tooth decay. Among the most commonly used active ingredients in the composition of mouthwashes are chlorhexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan, essential oils and medicinal plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the active ingredients of mouthwashes commercialized in Fortaleza, comparing their types and their information on the products and on the websites of major companies that sell them. Investigated the chemical compositions of mouthwashes on the websites of major Brazilian manufacturers of oral hygiene products (Colgate®; Oral-B®; Listerine®; Sanofi©; Sanifill®; Daudt®; Kleyhertz®; Bitufo®) in order to verify their active ingredients. At the same time, the leading drugstore chains in the city of Fortaleza that operate nationally, the same research was carried out directly on the product. The rinses were separated according to their trade name, information available on the website, composition described on the product labeland active ingredient. The results were described according to each manufacturer. Among the surveyed factories 8, 57 trademarks mouthwashes containing various active ingredients were found. The cetylpyridinium chloride is the most widely used being 5 in product companies. It can be concluded that the domestic manufacturers of mouthwashes fail to inform about the active ingredients contained in their products, and some companies exaggerate the range of products offered for sale, which causes difficulties to the dentist at the time of prescribing and patient in time to buy. (AU)

Leaf histochemistry analysis of four medicinal species from Cerrado

ABSTRACT Chemical components act in plant defense and protection, but many of them are extracted and used medicinally. For Cerrado, active chemical components are used in the treatment of diseases, which strengthens the necessity for pharmacological studies of plants of that environment. The objective was to evaluate the histochemistry of the leaf blade of Byrsonima verbascifolia (L.) DC., Malpighiaceae, Campomanesia adamantium (Cambess.) O.Berg, Myrtaceae, Roupala montana Aubl., Proteaceae, and Solanum lycocarpum A. St.-Hil., Solanaceae, species that have been reported as producers of secondary metabolites for pharmacological use. The 3rd node leaves (median, intercostal and margin regions) were collected, fixed, included in Paraplast® or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, sectioned in microtome, stained and photographed on microscope. This analysis aimed to find leaf regions which produced chemical compounds. For histochemical tests, intercostal areas were selected from median region leaf of the 3rd node. Samples fresh and newly collected and fixed and embedded in Paraplast® were used. Tests were conducted for lipids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, sugars and proteins. Alkaloids were observed only in R. montana, as well as the results for phenolic compounds. Flavonoids are present in B. verbascifolia and R. montana. The lipid composition was showed for the chemical compounds of B. verbascifolia and C. adamantium, which proved to be part of the essential oils or resins oils in C. adamantium idioblasts. The chemical compounds of B. verbascifolia, C. adamantium and R. montana are present mainly in idioblasts among the parenchyma and epidermal cells. C. adamantium has secretory cavities, but only with lipid content. The identification of chemical compounds has not been possible in mature leaves of S. lycocarpum.

Interventions that facilitate sustainable development by preventing toxic exposure to chemicals: an overview of systematic reviews / Intervenciones que facilitan el desarrollo sostenible al prevenir la exposición tóxica a los productos químicos: síntesis de revisiones sistemáticas

ABSTRACT Objective To identify interventions that 1) facilitate sustainable development by preventing toxic exposure to chemicals, including pesticides, and 2) have a positive impact on health. Methods This overview utilized systematic review methods to synthesize evidence from multiple systematic reviews and economic evaluations. A comprehensive search was conducted based on a predefined protocol, including clear inclusion criteria. To be classified as “sustainable” interventions needed to aim (explicitly or implicitly) to 1) have a positive impact on at least two key dimensions of the United Nations integrated framework for sustainable development and 2) include measures of health impact. Results Thirteen systematic reviews and two economic evaluations met the inclusion criteria. The interventions that were most likely to have a positive impact on health included 1) legislation to ban Endosulfan pesticide to prevent fatal poisonings; 2) testing of drinking water for contamination with arsenic, and dissemination of the results to households; and 3) implementation of organic farming / diet to reduce exposure to pesticides. However, the cost-effectiveness of these three interventions and their impact(s) on health inequalities is not known. Strict enforcement of interventions to reduce lead in houses with children was cost-beneficial. Education and dust control interventions performed by cleaning professionals to reduce blood lead levels in children were ineffective. Conclusions What is needed now is careful implementation of the interventions whose impacts are likely to be positive. Ineffective interventions need to be replaced with more effective and cost-effective interventions. Finally, more and better-quality research on the prevention of toxic exposure to chemicals is needed to better support policy development.

RESUMEN Objetivo Señalar aquellas intervenciones que: 1) faciliten el desarrollo sostenible al prevenir la exposición tóxica a los productos químicos, incluidos los plaguicidas; y 2) tengan una repercusión positiva sobre la salud. Métodos Mediante la metodología de revisión sistemática se sintetizaron los datos probatorios de varias revisiones sistemáticas y evaluaciones económicas. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva siguiendo un protocolo predefinido con criterios de inclusión concretos. Para considerarse “sostenibles”, las intervenciones debían perseguir los siguientes objetivos (explícitos o implícitos): 1) influir de forma positiva sobre al menos dos dimensiones clave del marco integrado de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo Sostenible; y 2) incluir medidas que repercutan en la salud. Resultados Cumplieron los criterios de inclusión 13 revisiones sistemáticas y dos evaluaciones económicas. Las intervenciones con mayores probabilidades de influir positivamente en la salud son: 1) la prohibición por ley de los plaguicidas de endosulfán para prevenir las muertes por intoxicación; 2) los análisis del agua potable para detectar la contaminación por arsénico y la comunicación de los resultados a los hogares; y 3) la implantación de la agricultura o la alimentación orgánicas para reducir la exposición a los plaguicidas. Sin embargo, no se conoce la rentabilidad de estas tres intervenciones ni su repercusión sobre las desigualdades en la salud. La aplicación estricta de las intervenciones para reducir el plomo en los hogares con niños resultó rentable. Por el contrario, fueron ineficaces las intervenciones educativas y de desempolvado, a cargo de profesionales de la limpieza, para reducir los niveles de plomo en la sangre de los niños. Conclusiones Es conveniente aplicar correctamente las intervenciones que tienen mayor probabilidad de generar repercusiones positivas, en tanto que las intervenciones ineficaces deben sustituirse por otras más eficaces y rentables. Se necesitan más investigaciones y de mejor calidad sobre la prevención de la exposición tóxica a los productos químicos, para mejorar las bases sobre las cuales sustentar las correspondientes políticas.

Analysis on major chemical compounds in exocarp of Juglans mandshurica based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS / 中草药

Objective: To identify the major chemical compounds in 78 batches of the exocarp of Juglans mandshurica from different origins by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-fight mass spectrometry (UFLC-Q-TOF/MS) and determine the major active chemical components. Methods: The separation was performed on Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm), with a mobile phase using water with 0.1% formic acid (A) and acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid (B) for gradient elution; Q-TOF/MS and electrospray ion (ESI) source were applied for the analysis under the positive ion mode; One thousand ions were extracted through Markerview 1.2.1 software from 78 batches. And common ions (compounds) were selected according to the following principles: One ion can be detected in all samples, and the relative strength is greater than the e4. Then the formula of common ions were determined by accurate mass and isotopic abundance ratio from target screening function of Peakview 2.0/masterview1.0 software. Their structures were determined by analysis of MS/MS fragment or comparison with standard substances and references. Results: Thirty-one major chemical compounds including eleven naphthalene quinones, three diarylheptanoids, three flavonoids, eight triterpenes, and six other compounds were identified or inferred in the exocarp of J. mandshurica. Conclusion: UPLC-Q-TOF/MS method which develops a new strategy can identify the main chemical constituents from the exocarp of J. mandshurica rapidly and accurately, main chemical constituents can be used for the quality evaluation and efficacy material research.

Perfil audiológico de motoristas agrícolas expostos: ruído e hidrocarbonetos / Audiological profile of agricultural drivers exposed to noise and hydrocarbons

RESUMO Objetivo: Estabelecer o perfil audiológico de motoristas agrícolas expostos, simultaneamente, a ruído e hidrocarbonetos. Métodos: Foram analisados os prontuários de motoristas com queixas auditivas de uma empresa do ramo agrícola do município de Lençóis Paulista (SP), dentro do Programa de Prevenção de Riscos Ambientais (PPRA). As informações analisadas foram: idade, tempo de exposição combinada a ruído e hidrocarbonetos e exames de audiometria tonal liminar de referência. Para a análise da influência da idade e do tempo de exposição sobre os limiares auditivos, ajustaram-se modelos de sobrevivência para dados grupados (riscos proporcionais e logísticos). Resultados: Verificou-se que os efeitos da idade e do tempo de exposição combinada a ruído e hidrocarbonetos foram significativos na perda de audição, nos modelos de riscos proporcionais e logísticos. Conclusão: É fundamental o desenvolvimento de ações voltadas para a prevenção de perdas auditivas em motoristas agrícolas expostos aos agentes ruído e hidrocarbonetos.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To establish the audiological profile of agricultural drivers simultaneously exposed to noise and hydrocarbons. Methods: The study comprised analysis of the medical records of agricultural drivers with hearing complaints, from an agricultural company of Lençóis Paulista (SP), Brazil, within the Environmental Risk Prevention Program. The information analyzed included age, period of simultaneous exposure to noise and hydrocarbons and testing of reference pure tone audiometry. Survival models for grouped data (proportional risk and logistic) were adjusted to analyze the influence of age and period of exposure of hearing thresholds. Results: It was observed that the effects of age and period of simultaneous exposure to noise and hydrocarbons were significant for hearing loss in proportional risk and logistic models. Conclusion: It is fundamental to develop actions for the prevention of hearing loss in agricultural drivers exposed to the agents noise and hydrocarbons.